Humanistic Theories Debate On Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers

Humanistic Theories Debate Team B – Anthony Garcia, Becky Billison, Cher Keen, Britanie McKernan, Megan Groulx PSY/310 September 7, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine Humanistic Theories Debate In the debate between Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both whom are humanistic theorists that share a mutual interest in the teachings of self-actualization, will discuss the specifics of their individual theories regarding the main points, their contributions, and the criticism they have received about their theories. We will begin the debate with a series of questions and give each theorist the opportunity to explain their point of view. Cher/Moderator: What is humanistic and how does it apply to psychology? As the moderator, I will define humanistic as a term used in psychology that relates to and carefully studies the whole person as well as their unique qualities. In essence, it looks at the individuality of each person and considers individual behavior to be directly connected to their self-concept and inner feelings. Cher/Moderator: What has been the impact of the Humanistic approach? We will acknowledge that the humanistic movement has been a huge influence in the development of psychology and has contributed various theories in terms of thinking about mental health. It proposed a new point of view to understand human behaviors and stimuli that led to the development of different methods of psychotherapy. In using the humanistic approach in therapy, the therapist begins withShow MoreRelatedOverview of Humanistic Psychology Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pages Humanistic Psychology is a psychological perspective that highlights the study of a person in whole. These psychologist look at human behavior not just through the eyes of the viewer, but also through the eyes of the client that has the behavior. 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The psychodynamic theory focuses onRead MoreEssay Personality Theories3167 Words   |  13 PagesPersonality Theories   Table of Contents Freud Jung Adler Rogers Maslow Humanistic strengths and weakness Psychodynamic strengths and weakness Some similarities of both Web Resources Freud Biography Biography Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856, in a small town -- Freiberg -- in Moravia. His father was a wool merchant with a keen mind and a good sense of humor. His mother was a lively woman, her husbands second wife and 20 years younger. She was 21 years old when she gave birthRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagestime. Psychology was first established as a separate science of biology and philosophy, that s when the real debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began start, different psychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. 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The Evolution Of Management Practice - 929 Words

The Evolution of Management The Origins of Management Practice and How They Play a Role Today The origins of classical management practices plays a role in today’s management beliefs due to the fact that they overlap each other. As a classical management skill was invented and exercised, the faults in a particular management skill were studied. As business evolved so did the managerial skills needed to perform the tasks needed. A new management field would be invented, using the best of the older system and the new practices, to eliminate the faults found. Our textbook Management by Bateman/Snell (2013) states â€Å"All of these historical perspectives have left legacies that affect contemporary management thought and practice.† (p.39). Management has been a very important part of our past, our earliest ancestors realized that management skills were needed. From the building of the pyramids to making automobiles, some of the same management skills are used today. Managers in the past and prese nt need skills pertaining to planning and leadership. As the planning and leadership tactics evolved from the past to present, the basic ideal of efficiency was a top priority. As times changed from slave labor or low-skill labor to the advanced labor force in today’s society, worker’s rights have been the most evolved. In the early years of management in the U.S., strict rules and guidelines were outlined for each hand. You pay could be severely docked if you had an unexcusedShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Management Practices and Theories Essay2306 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction With the rapid change of the world, thought of management, theory and practise keeps on changing. It has been transformed through innovation. Taking into consideration the uncertainty surrounding the construction industry, it is essential paying attention to how people work within an organisation that has set goals that needs to be achieved. 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Headquarters Are Present In Seattle worked â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Headquarters Are Present In Seattle Worked? Answer: Introducation Starbucks was founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971 and is considered as an coffeehouse chain. The company's headquarters are present in Seattle where 3501 people worked as of January, 2015. As of July, 2016 Starbucks is present on 6 continents and is operating in 74 countries as well as territories. It has already entered into its dream major countries such as China, England and Australia. It showed an exponential growth in last 10 years by having 5113 international stores and 11567 stores in United States (Ganguin and Bilardello, 2013). Starbuck's Global Strategies. Starbucks has became the centre of attraction for many countries as it has done an eye catching performance in the last few years and such favorable conditions has helped it a lot to became the major global player. Starbucks started off its 2016 fiscal note on a strong policy as it reported for sales growth in all its reporting segments (Joseph, 2013). It is heading towards the development and future plans in Asian markets. In its very recent Investors conference, Starbucks presents its five year strategic plan to expand revenue by 10 percent, EPS by 15-20 percent and announces its aim of launching approximately 12,000 new stores globally by 2021 along with the delivering of a better version of Starbucks experience all over the world. Considering this, some of the major strategic plans of the company are discussed below: Starbucks is concentrating not only on expanding its business but also in changing its store mix. For example, it is now heading towards opening more drive-thru in the outer edges of urban and suburban areas. Also, it is heading towards opening up express stores which works as walk-thru presently in New York, Seattle and Boston. This strategy is aiming at increasing company's store penetration. (Langohr and Langohr, 2009) Starbucks is targeting on increasing the growth of consumer product goods department, that is, demand of coffee at home. CPG mainly includes k-Cups and packaged coffee. Starbucks is the leader in K-Cups even though the industry as a whole has slowed down from its peak significantly. It partnered with companies like Pepsi in Latin America, Tingyi in China and Anheuser-Busch so as to enter into the market of expansion of ready-to-drink segment which is estimated to grow at approximately 10% year to year in the next five years. (Ong, 2010) The company is looking forward to offer a more better version of coffee experience and targeting 10 Roasteries like siphon, clover, pour-over, etc. The company is targeting at opening approximately 500 Reserve Stores, targeting the middle and upper income group and offering premium Roastery experience but at a lower cost. Also, with this target, the company also expects to eradicate the problems of competition and ubiquity by providing highest quality coffee to its customers. (Rist and Pizzica, 2015) Global Ratings. S P lifts Starbucks global ratings to A from A- on solid operating performance and stability on a financial basis. The company kept on impressing the agency with its outstanding performance and credit protection metrics and that are expected to be continuing on a long term. S P remains confident about Starbucks's performance and expansion strategy, both internationally and domestically(Vance, 2010). The company has also expanded its overseas business through its stores at China with significant growth. The agency is also sure about company's inorganic drive and believes that La Boulange and Teavana acquisitions have widened the exposure of the company to food products, specially in the U. S. markets , where food revenues account for almost 20% of the U. S. revenues. CALCULATION OF RATIOS OF STARBUCKS CORPORATION IMPORTANT INFORMATION (USD $ IN THOUSANDS) 1. CURRENT RATIO PARTICULARS 2016 2015 CURRENT ASSETS 4760500 4352700 CURRENT LIABILITIES 4546900 3653500 CURRENT RATIO ( CURRENT ASSETS/CURRENT LIABILITIES) 1.05 1.19 A reduced current ratio may reveal that the short term obligations are more than previous year. However, in such a case, there is no evident change in current assets. However, the % change in liabilities is more than % change in assets in this case, indicating the reduced paying ability of the company. 2. QUICK RATIO PARTICULARS 2016 2015 CASH CASH EQUIVALENTS 2128800 1530100 SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS 134400 81300 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES (NET) 768800 719000 TOTAL QUICK ASSETS 3032000 2330400 CURRENT LIABILITIES 4546900 3653500 QUICK RATIO (TOTAL QUICK ASSETS/CURRENT LIABILITIES) Though there is a reduced current ratio, there is an increased quick ratio indicating that the liquid assets that can be readily converted to cash to pay short term obligations is more than previous year. 0.67 0.64 3. EBITDA RATIO PARTICULARS 2016 2015 NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO STARBUCKS 2817700 2757400 NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NON CONTROLLING INTEREST 1200 1900 INCOME TAX EXPENSE 1379700 1143700 INTEREST EXPENSE 81300 70500 DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION 980800 893900 EBITDA ( EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST, TAX, DEPRECIATION AND AMORTIZATION) 5260700 4867400 EBITDA RATIO (EBITDA/INTEREST) 64.71 69.04 This ratio is no less than interest coverage ratio. However, it excludes the depreciation and amortization expenses too as these are non-cash items. As per this, the current value has reduced in comparison to previous year. However, it doesn't doubt the paying capability of the company as 64.71 is still a good indication that the company is earning 64.71 times of the interest it is liable to pay. 4. DEBT TO TOTAL CAPITAL RATIO PARTICULARS 2016 2015 CURRENT PORTION OF LONG TERM DEBT 400000 0 LONG-TERM DEBT (EXCLUDING CURRENT PORTION) 3202200 2347500 TOTAL DEBT 3602200 2347500 SHAREHOLDER'S EQUITY 5884000 5818000 TOTAL CAPITAL ( TOTAL DEBT + SHAREHOLDER'S EQUITY) 9486200 8165500 DEBT TO TOTAL CAPITAL RATIO (TOTAL DEBT/TOTAL CAPITAL) 0.38 0.29 The debt to total capital ratio indicates how much the debt forms the part of the total capital of the company. As per this values, the amount of debt has increased this year, the % change of which is more than % change in equity indicating a pressure of more loans or long term obligations on the company. 5. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO PARTICULARS 2016 2015 NET EARNINGS ATTRIBUTABLE TO STARBUCKS 2817700 2757400 NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NON CONTROLLING INTEREST 1200 1900 INCOME TAX EXPENSE 1379700 1143700 INTEREST EXPENSE 81300 70500 EBIT ( EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST AND TAX) 4279900 3973500 INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO ( EBIT/INTEREST EXPENSE) 52.64 56.36 The current interest coverage ratio of 52.64 indicates that the company is making 52.64 times more of interest money indicating that the company is capable enough to pay its interest expenses. Though, it is less than the previous year but both are more than favourable for the company. 6. GROSS PROFIT MARGIN PARTICULARS 2016 2015 GROSS PROFIT 12804800 11375200 NET REVENUES 21315900 19162700 GROSS PROFIT MARGIN [(GROSS PROFIT/NET REVENUES)*100] 60.07 59.36 There is as such no change in the gross profit margin indicating that the company is being able to maintain that consistency inspite of being such a big global company and operating through out the world indicating strong financial position of it. NOTE : THIS 2016 DATA IS AS ON 2ND OCTOBER,2016 AND 2015 DATA IS AS ON 27TH SEPTEMBER,2015. Analysis While we have already analyzed the changes in key ratios of Starbucks-Corp in 2015, 2016, it is even better to analyze the same ratios on an industry basis. Starbucks falls under coffee shops industry a d more precisely under the 'consumer services' industry where its competitors includez companies like McDonald's Corp, etc. Let us just have an analysis of ratios of Starbucks again on an industry basis (Anon, 2017). The industry's current ratio declined from 1.14 to 1.10 in 2016 where the Starbuck's current ratio showed an deterioration from 1.19 to 1.05, that is, % of fall in current ratio in the company is more than the % fall in the overall industry. However, this fall in current ratio of the industry is not merely because of Starbucks. The other competitors such as Priceline Inc, McDonald Inc, etc shows a major fall in current ratio. Coming to quick ratio cash ratio, while the industry's performance overall showed a slight fall i.e. From 0.57 in 2015 to 0.56 in 2016 and 0.33 in 2015 to 0.32 in 2016, the Starbuck's ratios showed an improvement in both the cases. Though the improvement was of a slightest nature yet it is to be noted that a slight fall in % of the overall Industry is not because of Starbucks. Also, it means that the company is generating enough cash to meet its short term obligations instantly and also maintains an appropriate amount of cash in hand. Coming to Debt to total capital ratio that means whether the company's has enough equity support to have a weight of debts on its head. While the overall industry ratio showed a minimum increase from 0.45 in 2015 to 0.48 in 2016,the Starbucks showed a deterioration by moving from 0.29 in 2015 to 0.38 in 2016 meaning that the company itself had taken more burden of debts in this year. However, it cannot be stated that industry is being majorly affected because of Starbucks as the % of increase in debt capital ratio is more in it's competitor's business i.e. McDonald's Inc that showed an increment from 0.77 in 2015 to 1.09 in 2016. Coming to interest coverage ratio that aims at one factor that the company is earning how much times more than its interest, the overall industry % fell from 10.39 in 2015 to 9.39 in 2016, Starbucks ratio too forms a part of this fall, that is, from 56.36 in 2015 to 52.64 in 2016,as the % fall in Starbucks is more than % fall in overall industry. Also, because of the competitor's ratio shows an improvement in this interest coverage ratio. The overall industry shows a gross profit of 60.3% while the Starbucks alone shows a gross profit of 60.1% which is a good sign of a strong financial company as it somewhere signifies that the major portion of industry's profits is controlled by Starbucks while the other competitors in this industry showed profits too. However, the Starbucks took a better hand over here. While it showed an increment in debts decrement in interest coverage ratio due to increasing burden of interest it still managed to maintain its gross profit ratio consistent in both the years. Conclusion Starbucks have concluded its fiscal 2016 on a solid performance where it is reporting unexpected results in the fourth quarter with revenues and earnings increasing 16% 30.2% respectively, year after year. Its increasing partner investments has been partially balanced by its increasing strong sales and expanded margin. Also, the slowdown of it in Europe, Middle - East and Africa segment is being counter balanced by its high growth sales in U. S. and China/Asia Pacific division. We also observe that the Starbuck's shares are showing an outstanding performance in the broader Zacks categorizing Retail Food Restaurant Industry over the last three months. While the broader market is witnessing 4.7% growth, the stock has experienced nearly 9.3% in the same time period. (Ziegel, n.d.) Starbucks is aiming at becoming the global market player in international market and the situations all over the world seems to be in favor of it. It is setting its goals high of changing people's lives worldwide. Nowadays, the other major global companies are interested in partnering with Starbucks in joint ventures which sounds good for the expansion of the company which targets spreading its roots in the world market strongly; strengthening the goal of the company to became the leading global coffee retailer worldwide. References Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.stock-analysis-on.net/NASDAQ/Company/Starbucks-Corp/Ratios [Accessed 27 Aug. 2017]. Bell, A. (2009).Data analysis for corporate fraud risk. Charlotte, NC: [publisher not identified]. Fridson, M. and Alvarez, F. (2011).Financial statement analysis. Hoboken: J. Wiley. Ganguin, B. and Bilardello, J. (2013).Fundamentals of corporate credit analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill. Joseph, C. (2013).Advanced credit risk analysis and management. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons Inc. Langohr, H. and Langohr, P. (2009).The Rating Agencies and Their Credit Ratings: What They Are, How They Work. John Wiley Sons. Ong, M. (2010).Credit ratings. London: Risk Waters Group. Rist, M. and Pizzica, A. (2015).Financial ratios for executives. [Berkeley, CA?]: Apress. Tracy, A. (n.d.).Ratio analysis fundamentals. Vance, D. (2010).Ratios and other tools for analysis, control and profit. Cranbrook, Kent: Global Professional Pub. Ziegel, A. (n.d.).Fundamentals of credit and credit analysis.

Role of Bronislaw Malinowski in the Anthropology

Introduction Ethnography refers to the â€Å"branch of anthropology that deals with the scientific description of specific human cultures† (Okely, 2011). It has four elements, namely; participant observation, natural setting, holism, and use of subjects own language. The field of ethnography usually focuses on human societies through a branch of cultural anthropology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Bronislaw Malinowski in the Development of British Social Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethnography involves extensive travelling due to its aspects of fieldwork. Ethnographers study their subjects objectively. This process involves living an ordinary life among the population of study. The study period is usually long, but depends on the area of interest. This essay critically looks at the role of Bronislaw Malinowski in the development of British Social Anthropology and his influence i n the contemporary ethnography. Contemporary ethnographers consider Malinowski as one of the most experienced ethnographer. They consider Malinowski’s works as highly systematic with clear theoretical approaches in studying social systems. Other scholars have often referred to Malinowski as the first anthropologist to bring anthropology â€Å"off the veranda† (Kuper, 1973). This means that Malinowski had firsthand experiences of lives of his study population. This gave rise to the idea of participant observation in social research. According to Malinowski, it is necessary for an anthropologist to establish a contact with the study population in order to understand and record experiences of subjects objectively. This is crucial for understanding cultural aspects of the study population. He also brought the idea of functionalism and reciprocity, and the relationship between culture and people. Proponents of Malinowski look at anthropologists of the past centuries against the works of Malinowski. They note that Tylor and Frazer were the armchair anthropologists who relied on reports of missionaries, colonialists, travellers, and other people who could give them information for their studies (Kuper, 1973). JG Frazer was famous for studying social anthropology and showing the link between rituals and myths. He provided detailed accounts of religious and magical beliefs in his work, The Golden Bough of 1890. Frazer identified three stages of human belief as primitive magic, religious stage, and science stage. On the other hand, EB Tylor remains the scholar behind the idea of cultural evolutionism. Tylor looked at scientific study and anthropology as â€Å"a functional basis for the development of society and religion† (Kuper, 1973). Tylor believed that the British society could transform itself by understanding history and prehistory of man. Tylor and Frazer remain the founding fathers of modern anthropology.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The next generation moved closer to fieldwork but remained in the armchair as they worked from the verandas. This category included Rivers, Seligman and others. These scholars moved to various countries but did not go to the subjects. Instead, they would stay in verandas and subjects would come to them for interviews. However, Malinowski’s approach changed subsequent studies in anthropology. According to Malinowski, â€Å"true and intensive fieldwork could only take place by living at the centre of the natives’ village† (Malinowski, 1922). The British Social Anthropology Malinowski was among the founding anthropologists of the British Social Anthropology. Malinowski advocated for a change in the British Social Anthropology from â€Å"the speculative and historical to the ahistorical study of social institutions† (Young, 2004). Ahistorical study does not take into account historical contexts when examining cultural phenomena that change with time. This paradigm shift marked the introduction of functionalism and fieldwork as ideals of studying social anthropology. Functionalism gained influence around 1920s. It worked as a form of applied methodology in social science. However, it did meet certain conditions in studying social or cultural changes. Functionalism regards society as a complex system. This complexity results from various parts, which work as a unit for establishing stability and solidarity. Malinowski applied functionalism to understand a society using its macro-level structures. In this context, Malinowski focused on social structures of society. These structures are responsible for shaping a society. Functionalism also focuses on social functions of a society. According to Malinowski, it was necessary to study social behaviours and relations in a society within their cultural contexts. This led to the theory of participant observation. Malinowski argued that it was important to take into account the observable variations in actions and norms of the people. This captures what society does and what it claims to do. Participant observation is a form of data collection method, which is common in qualitative research paradigms. It has spread to other areas of research studies such as social psychology, sociology, and studies in communication. Malinowski applied participant observation in order to achieve close relationships with the society and informants under study. This approach also enabled him actively take part in the daily life of the subjects under study over a long period in their cultural environments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Bronislaw Malinowski in the Development of British Social Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Malinowski was able to provide a detailed account of Trobriand social life due to an application of the participant observation approach. As a result, Argonauts of the Western Pacific of 1922 became one of the most popular works of the anthropologist. Malinowski studied marriage, religious, and trade activities of the Trobriand extensively. This study and others developed the field of the British Social Anthropology from a mere discipline of evolution to a psychological and social field of scientific enquiry with both theoretical and methodological approaches. Malinowski challenged the Freudian approach of Oedipal Complex and the idea of primitivism among the natives. He showed that such primitive people had same levels and types of mental abilities like other advanced societies. He observed and substantiated such claims that primitive societies were not different from advanced societies. He observed that societies had different viewpoints about motives, beliefs, and emotional responses. However, human beings had similar manners of perceiving and processing infor mation irrespective of culture or race. This also extended to use of creativity and intelligence when adapting to situations. He made these assertions after studying Trobriand social life for many years. Malinowski’s ideas also spread beyond Britain. For instance, his methodologies also found their ways in Boasian methods among the American anthropologists. This established Malinowski as one of the most influential anthropologists of his time. Malinowski also developed the theory of reciprocity for understanding cultural anthropology. He aimed to define lives of Trobriand’s informal exchange of goods and explain how informal economic system worked. He identified that reciprocity was in â€Å"savage societies† as well as civilised societies. Malinowski extensively applied reciprocity in his study of the Kula ring (Stocking, 1983). The influence of Malinowski also reached in Africa through Rockefeller funding. He was in charge of field research in Africa in the 19 30s. This showed the influence of British Social Anthropology beyond Europe. This explains how the British Social Anthropology found its ways in former colonies.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, Peter Forster looked at anthropology in Africa and noted its influences and changes (Forster, 1994). As an effort to credit and adopt Malinowski’s approach to studying local social systems, he notes that cultural factors have not â€Å"received due attention since peasants’ knowledge and culture remain misunderstood† (Forster, 1994). Malinowski approaches to Fieldwork and its application in modern social research Scholars had already started fieldwork before Malinowski. However, Malinowski studies popularised and revolutionised fieldwork in anthropology. Malinowski believed in association with the native language. The works of Franz Boas also reflect this approach to social science. Malinowski believed in understanding mundane aspects of daily life of the society. In this context, Malinowski believed in going beyond the informant’s account in order to find true practices as they occurred in reality (Sanjek, 1990). Participant observation enabled the researcher to collect data about cultural aspects of the society. In this way, Malinowski was able to understand the psychology of his subjects. Establishment of Fieldwork Wax noted, â€Å"In the final analysis, the major credit for discovering the technique of intensive personal fieldwork among a single people must go to Bronislaw Malinowski (Wax, 1972, p. 2). Malinowski established three conditions for effective fieldwork. First, the research must have scientific goals, apply the values and approaches of contemporary ethnography. Second, the ethnographer must be in a better position when conducting the study. This implies that the ethnographer must live among the natives when gathering information. Third, the ethnographer must use several scientific methods of collecting, analysing, and fixing data. These three aspects should lead to three specific types of evidence from the fieldwork. First, ethnographer must understand the natives, their organisation, and anatomy of their c ulture. Second, the researcher must understand the actual life and behaviours of the natives. Finally, the researcher must present all materials from the field for analysis. According to Malinowski, this was the ideal fieldwork. Malinowski puts emphasis on the second principle as a root for successful fieldwork in ethnography. Living among the natives enabled the ethnographer to consider them as companions. This was an opportunity to learn about customs and beliefs of the native from a natural intercourse. Therefore, it was necessary to create proper conditions for fieldwork first (Wax, 1972). Malinowski then applied the first principle for effective fieldwork. This requires the ethnographer to pursue evidence using scientific principles. The scientific approaches enable the researcher to develop a conceptual framework of the problem under investigation. This is the appropriate way to achieve reliable results for contemporary studies. Thus, the researcher has to foreshadow the probl em when developing a scientific approach. In this context, Malinowski insisted on three fundamental types of evidence the ethnographer must separate from one another. First, the ethnographer must focus on the organisation of the natives and elements of its culture. In this area, the researcher must apply a proper technique of statistic in documenting data. Second, the research must focus on actual life of the natives and their behaviours. The research must document details gathered. This is only possible by establishing a close contact with the natives. Third, the researcher must review a corpus of ethnographic statements, utterances, narratives, traditional beliefs, magical approaches, and mentality of the natives. This observation is similar to the approach in â€Å"Collection† of Franz Boas. Malinowski presented a concrete approach used in fieldwork. This provides clear evidence on how scientific methods should work. In this sense, the method reflects final aims of the eth nographer, which are to capture ideas from the subjects’ point of view, aspects of life, and views about the world. Such detailed account of fieldwork led Malinowski to debunk observations of the Social Darwinist. This idea claims that all societies pass through â€Å"the same distinct and predictable stages, in the same predictable order, along a single linear trajectory† (Kuper, 1973). According to Malinowski, societies are different and difficult to predict due to their great variations. These various are diverse and not linear as the linear model indicates. Malinowski brings out three elements of effective fieldwork in comparison to his contemporary, River. He shows that ethnographer must show specific details of data collection, how to implement the method, and establish awareness of participation. Urry observes that Malinowski’s fieldwork approach classifies â€Å"the types of information for collection under concrete evidence, imponderability of social l ife, and native statements taken in vernacular† (Urry, 1993). From this point, Malinowski concludes that these are â€Å"the main three realms of ethnographic data the researcher should collect† (Urry, 1993). In this manner, Malinowski provides a detailed approach to fieldwork, which is applicable in modern social science. River’s approach concentrated on interviewing the subjects. On the other hand, Malinowski stressed the importance of participation by taking part in the village life. Thus, he notes, â€Å"it is good for the Ethnographer sometimes to leave camera, notebook, and pencil, and join what is going on. He can take part in the natives’ games. He can follow them on their visits, walks, sit, listen, and share in their conversations† (Malinowski, 1922, p. 22). The application of functionalism enables us to understand the place of magic rituals in modern societies. For instance, people who cannot bear challenges of modern, professional life o r tragic trauma usually resort to tribal of positive visualization. This acts as a form of therapy and healing process to such individuals as they imagine of positive outcomes in their roles. Therefore, the studies of Malinowski enable us to understand how traditional rituals can facilitate productivity in society. We can see contributions and scientific influences of studies of Malinowski in scientific research. Scholars have accredited Malinowski as the father of functionalism. As a result, there are attempts to contrast structural-functionalism of Radcliffe-Brown and Malinowski, and structuralism of Émile Durkheim. These approaches view society as a whole as they recognise contributions of its various institutions. Malinowski approached the society with the focus on actions of an individual. In this context, he argues that society exists to serve individual’s needs. He also focuses on â€Å"customary practices, and beliefs and how the psychology of those individuals m ight lead them to generate change† (Stocking, 1983). Malinowski also achieved influence through his lectures, writings, and mentorship. Still, most of Malinowski’s contributions to the British Social Anthropology also emanated from his contact with Radcliffe-Brown. These two scholars had differences but aimed to change past theories of social science. They aspired to create a new form of British Social Anthropology favoured with new ideas and practical, scientific methods. Malinowski insisted that ethnographers who wanted to experience life of the native had to adopt a fieldwork approach. This led to the development of a â€Å"scientific theory of culture† after his death (Kuper, 1973). This theory posits that it is â€Å"the function of an institution and the purpose of its existence that contribution to the biological survival of individuals within an interlocking matrix of such institutions† (Ellen, 1984). Fieldwork today Today, many ethnographers belie ve that conducting fieldwork using Malinowski’s approach is the best approach to understanding anthropological research as it is the only way of distinguishing the research (Watson, 1999). However, fieldwork has evolved since the time of Malinowski and now has several practices and methods, which modern social scientists use for gaining intimate knowledge of a society. Ethnographers of today conduct fieldwork in highly contemporary environments as well as remote villages. Still, they used several techniques to collect data. First, researchers collect data using quantitative approaches through surveys or existing records on the subject. Second, some researchers apply quantitative techniques to gather information. However, this is mainly common among biological anthropologists who study demographic aspects of communities. Unlike in the past where researchers worked independently, studies involving quantitative techniques may require cooperation among researchers as they take an interdisciplinary approach (Antonius and Sulka, 2006). However, social studies of today prefer qualitative information. They also use various approaches such as â€Å"individual or group interviews, undertaking oral histories, online discussion forums and, most importantly, through the Malinowskian tradition of participant observation† (Okely, 2011). Participant observation still plays the role it did during the time of Malinowski. It enables the researcher to â€Å"undertake detailed, lengthy, and often complex observations of social life in fine details† (Okely, 2011). Such approaches may target various sources of information such as virtual network communities, a native society, and social groups of the modern society. Modern fieldwork also has moved to the museums, institutions, archives and other places of keeping information. In these cases, the anthropologist seeks to understand â€Å"the underlying symbolic and cultural meanings of a text or a collection of o bjects† (Okely, 2011). Susanne Wessendorf shows challenges modern social ethnographers face during the course of their fieldwork (Wessendorf, 2009). The researcher observes that modern social research is quite different in urban settings. There are challenges involving practicality of applying participant observation in urban contexts as it raises ethical concerns too. Wessendorf highlights that such issues can change the course of participant observation. The researchers can fail to establish the relationship that Malinowski created with his informants and the natives. For instance, Wessendorf noted that her â€Å"everyday social relations with her informants consisted of casual encounters and participant observation in cafà ©s, at Salsa classes and at Italian club nights† (Wessendorf, 2009). Similarly, modern researchers have also based their studies on human subjects as the use of fieldwork expands to other fields such as medicine. Such researchers come closer to th eir subjects for exchange of information. Consequently, there are ethical problems earlier researchers such as Malinowski, Rivers, and Radcliffe-Brown did not experience. As a result, modern researchers face ethical dilemmas with human subjects during fieldwork. This is because they have to invade privacy of their informants. Therefore, researchers have to address the need to â€Å"extend the ethical decision-making paradigm to address ethical dilemmas arising during the course of fieldwork† (Qudsiya, 2008). Despite these observations, fieldwork remains the cornerstone of ethnography. Moreover, the idea of spending time with participants is the only way for ethnographers to collect reliable data from the participants. Conclusion The paper has highlighted contributions of Malinowski in developing the British Social Anthropology. Malinowski established ideals of fieldwork in ethnography by declaring clear stages of fieldwork, and what researchers should do while interacting wit h the natives. We have noted four principles Malinowski emphasised in social research. First, the ethnographer had to spend considerably extended time with the subjects. This is where Malinowski applied participant observation in order to understand cultures of the natives. Second, Malinowski applied functionalism to understand structures of the society through its members by analysing data collected. Third, the study used holistic approach. Fourth, Malinowski focused on the â€Å"savage societies† rather than civilised societies. Reference List Antonius, R and Sulka, J 2006, Ethnographic Fieldwork: An Anthropological Reader, Wiley-Blackwell, London. Ellen, R 1984, Ethnographic Research: A Guide to General Conduct, Academic Press, London. Forster, P 1994, ‘Has Anthropology a Future in Africa After Colonialism?’, UTAFITI: News Series, vol.1, no.1, pp. 48-69. Kuper, A 1973, Anthropologists and Anthropology: The British School, 1922-1972, Allen Lane, London. Malinow ski, B 1922, ‘Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea’, Studies in Economics and Political Science, vol. 65, p. 22. Okely, J 2011, Anthropological Practice: Fieldwork and the Ethnographic Method, Berg Publishers, London. Qudsiya, C 2008, ‘Fieldwork and social science research ethics’, Indian J Med Ethics, vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 22-3. Sanjek, R 1990, Fieldnotes: the makings of anthropology, Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Stocking, G 1983, The Ethnographer’s Magic: Fieldwork in British Anthropology From Tylor to Malinowski, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. Urry, J 1993, Before Social Anthropology: Essays on the History of British Anthropology, Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland. Watson, C 1999, Being There: Fieldwork in Anthropology: Anthropology, Culture and Society, Pluto Press, London. Wax, M 1972, ‘Tenting with Malinowski’, American S ociological Review, vol, 37, no. 1, pp. 1-13. Wessendorf, S 2009, Doing fieldwork with busy people. Web. Young, M 2004, Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist, 1884-1920, Yale University Press, New Haven. This essay on Role of Bronislaw Malinowski in the Development of British Social Anthropology was written and submitted by user Johanna J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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